Fracture Resistance and Toughening Mechanisms in Human Dentin: A Biomechanical Perspective

Abstract

Fracture resistance in dentin is crucial for maintaining the structural integrity of a vital or endodontically treated tooth, particularly as aging and restorative interventions exacerbate mechanical vulnerabilities. This article explores the biomechanical properties of dentin, focusing on intrinsic toughening mechanisms such as crack deflection, bridging, and microcracking, which act to diminish crack propagation. The composite-like structure of dentin, comprising mineralized collagen fibrils within a heterogeneous matrix, facilitates a balance between stiffness and flexibility, resisting multiple cyclic loads under complex intraoral environments. The impact of dentin dehydration, age-related changes, and the formation of sclerotic dentin on fracture resistance in dentine is discussed. A thorough understanding of toughening mechanisms in dentin is essential for optimizing clinical approaches aiming to ensure the durable success of dental treatment.