Вплив карбацетаму на процеси нейродеструкції в гіпокампі при експериментальній черепномозковій травмі

Abstract

Treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most relevant problems in modern medicine. TBI is accompanied by not only physical damage, but also psychical disorders, which together greatly worsen the quality of life of patients. Even light injury causes cognitive, affective (including depression, anxiety and psychosis) and behavioral disorders. Cognitive functions, in particular memory and ability to study, are regulated by the hippocampus. This part of the brain is very sensitive to traumatic effects, whereupon the patients get different neurocognitive disorders. The key role in TBI pathogenesis belongs to destructive changes in the nervous tissue of the brain that is manifested as the damage of neurons and glial cells. Carbacetam seems to be the promising drug for correction of TBI consequences, making antihypoxic, antiamnestic, anxiolytic and anti-shock effects. Due to the number of helpful effects carbacetam is interesting in the aspect of its influence on morphological and immunohistochemical features of the hippocampal nervous tissue after TBI. Objective. To investigate the carbacetam effect on processes of neurodestruction in hippocampus during experimental traumatic brain injury. Methods: physiological, histological, immunohistochemical. Results. The morphological and immunohistological study of the rat hippocampus showed: 1. The СА3 region in the rat hippocampus of the control group demonstrates divers destructive features: рartial loss of neurons, nuclei swelling and unclarity of the apical dendrites, рolymorphic changes of the chromatophilic neuronal substance in the form of the focal chromatolysis and chromatin condensation. 2. In the control group there is quite intense expression of GFAP, NSE and S100 in the СА3 region of the hippocampus, which demonstrates the destructive changes in the astrocytes (GFAP and S100) and, at the same time, normal metabolism in the neurons (NSE). 3. After carbacetam administration the СА3 region of the hippocampus keeps the same morphological characteristics, as in the control group, but the destructive changes are less represented: majority of the neurons have round light nuclei and distinct dendrites; almost absence of the cells with features of focal chromatolysis and chromatin condensation. 4. The nervous tissue in the СА3 region of the rat hippocampus after carbacetam administration is characterized by high expression of GFAP, NSE and S100, like in the control group. The marked expression of the neuromarkers GFAP and S100 displays the destructive changes in the astrocytes, and high of NSE correlates with the normal neuronal metabolism. Conclusion. TBI is manifested in different destructive features in the hippocampal nervous tissue. Carbacetam ambiguously effects on the hippocampal nervous tissue, partly correcting destructive changes in the neurons only, but not in the glial cells. The carbacetam effect occurs mainly in morphological changes of the neurons, while there are no any immunohistochemical changes in comparison with the control group.